I think I see my problem now.
The high value of 13 mm allows me to press reset before the nozzle is broken, if there is a problem with the z-probe. And it is simply the end of the standard length of the servo.
The workflow of G30 was like:
0. In EEPROM ProbeHeight is 13 mm
1. Home
2. Move to a goog bed position
3. Move down to roughly 20mm above bed
4. Enter G30 with no parameters in repetier server
5. Check height using the "moving or scratching paper"-method. Lets assume the heated nozzle hits the paper at 0.3 mm.
6. Change the ProbeHeight to 13 mm-0.3mm +0.1mm(for the thickness of the paper)
GOTO 1.
Check if paper is hit at 0.1 mm. But this is not the case, even if I change the EEPROM value to 16 mm, at point 5 I get 0.3 mm.
If I do the same like above but with G32 S2 instead of G30, than it works fine.
Looking in the code of GCodes.cpp I do see that there might be a need of using G30 H13 to make it a calibration and not only a measurement. I looked at that part before my first post, but did not understand it. So it looks like I did not see the difference between measuring and setting a new value.
So the correct usage would be "G30 H"ProbeHeight", right?
By the way: I use this not perfectly updated g-code table with explanations: https://www.reprap.org/wiki/G-code<br/>Is there a comparable list for Repetier only?