I tried printing again today and unfortunately the problem appeared again. On Thursday after I completely reinstalled Raspian and Repetier-Server, there were no errors like i wrote earlier. I only let it run in idle mode though and only for a few minutes. Today, I get multiple missed line errors in idle mode again and wrong temperatures multiple times every minute, like in the log in my first post.
I have tried multiple USB cables and nothing changed. I then connected my laptop to the printer instead of the Raspberry Pi without changing the cable and in Repetier-Host everything runs perfect. No missed line warnings and no wrong temperatures.
So either there must be something wrong with my Raspberry Pi 2, or it is Repetier-Server related.
Edit: I have installed Octoprint again and there also seems to be everything ok, no warnings in the log and no wrong temperatures. So it seems that Repetier-Server is the source of the problem.
Edit2: Well and now Repetier-Server suddenly runs without problems again.